US High School Psychology Practice Exam 2026 – Your All-in-One Guide to Exam Success!

The correct answer highlights that drugs, trauma, and hypnosis all induce altered states of consciousness. Each of these factors has the ability to change an individual's perception, awareness, and cognitive functioning significantly.

Drugs can lead to a variety of altered states depending on their nature—some may depress the central nervous system while others can stimulate it, leading to different experiences of awareness and perception. Trauma can cause dissociative states as a psychological defense mechanism, allowing individuals to detach from overwhelming stress or pain. Hypnosis, on the other hand, intentionally alters the individual's state of consciousness to heighten focus and suggestibility, which can facilitate changes in perception and awareness.

Contrastingly, hallucinations specifically refer to sensory experiences without external stimuli and are not necessarily a common result of trauma or hypnosis alone. Enhanced awareness might seem plausible, but these experiences often lead to diminished awareness in terms of reality. Increased memory retention is not a universal effect of these states; in fact, altered consciousness can often disrupt typical memory processes instead. Thus, the comprehensive effect of drugs, trauma, and hypnosis on consciousness is best represented by altered states of consciousness.